Explanation

1) The easiest way to answer this question is by finding the specific part of the passage discussing the keywords “rock fragments” in the question. Choice C is the right answer.

2) If the scientists may establish a major pattern based on Bond's hypothesis we can use the data for future investigation. Answer is E

3) ​Searching for the part of the passage discussing “southerly latitudes” leads to the last sentence of the third paragraph, because it also provides reasoning for the southerly travel. Choice E ​is correct.

4) Little Ice Age was a time when surface waters were colder, but there is evidence in the first sentence of the fourth paragraph. Choice C ​is correct because during those colder periods, more icebergs would have floated into the North Atlantic & the red­stained grains deposited would therefore be at the higher end.
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Hope this helps.

Regards
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can someone elaborate question 4?

Logically, the Little Ice Age was a time when surface waters were colder, but
there is evidence in the first sentence of the fourth paragraph as well: “The Little Ice Age...may
represent the most recent time that the ocean’s dynamic changed in this way.” The phrase “this
way” refers to the end of the third paragraph, which explains that colder waters allowed icebergs
to float farther south, so sediments must have been deposited further south during that time.
Bond’s hypothesis is about the fluctuations in the proportion of red-stained grains, and Choice C is correct
because during those colder periods, more icebergs would have floated into the north Atlantic & the red-stained grains deposited would,
therefore, be at the higher end.

The last sentence of the third paragraph shows you that E is the correct answer.

Ask if something is still unclear to you.

Regards
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I took 10mins and answered all correctly. Can you please suggest the ideal time to finish this long paragraph (read+analysis) with 4 questions?

10 minutes in not that bad (answers included)

Spend around 6 minutes for a passage with 3 questions and 8 for a passage with 4. I.E. for a passage < 40 lines on average 6 minutes and > 40 lines 8 minutes.

Each question to solve 1.30 seconds at most two minutes. After this, pick your answer whether you do know or is s strategic guess and move on.

Ask for further assistance.

Regards
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Attached is a visual that should help.







Source: Vince and Brian's GRE PowerPrep Explanations

-Brian
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A very long passage . Spent around 9:30 mins.

1. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the rock fragments contained in the sediments studied by Bond?

We need to focus only 1st para.

A) the majority of them are composed of red sandstone. - Opposite answer choice. "Gerard Bond noticed that some of the sediment grains were stained with iron oxide". This sentence says otherwise
B) they must have reached their present location over 1,500 years ago. - Out of scope
C) they were carried by icebergs to their present location. - should be the answer
D) Most of them were carried to their present location during a warm period in Earth’s climatic history. - Out of scope
E) They are unlikely to have been carried to their present location during the Little Ice Age. - Out of scope.

2. In the final paragraph of the passage, the author is concerned primarily with

Author agrees with Bond Hypothesis. " an extension of Bond’s cycles would place the midpoint of the next warm interval in the twenty-fourth century."

A) answering a question about Earth’s climatic history - out of scope
B) pointing out a potential flaw in Bond’s hypothesis - opposite
C) suggesting a new focus for the study of ocean sediments - Out of scope
D) tracing the general history of Earth’s climate - out of scope
E) discussing possible implications of Bond’s hypothesis. - should be the answer

3. According to the passage, Bond hypothesized that which of the following circumstances would allow red-stained sediment grains to reach more southerly latitudes?

It will reach more southerly latitudes when the surface water is cooler. "During these periods, surface waters in the North Atlantic would generally be colder, permitting icebergs bearing red-stained grains to travel farther south in the North Atlantic before melting and depositing their sediment."

A) Warm waters being pulled northward from the Gulf Stream - out of scope
B) Climatic conditions causing icebergs to melt relatively quickly - opposite
C) Icebergs containing a higher proportion of iron oxide than usual - out of scope
D) The formation of more icebergs than usual in the far north - out of scope
E) the presence of cold surface waters in the North Atlantic - should be the answer

4. It can be inferred from the passage that in sediment cores from the North Atlantic’s deep waters, the portions that correspond to the Little Ice Age

"The onset of the so-called Little Ice Age(1300-1860), which followed the Medieval Warm Period" - this states that that the surface water would be warmer.

A) differ very little in composition from the portions that correspond to the Medieval Warm Period. - opposite
B) fluctuate significantly in composition between the portions corresponding to the 1300s and the portions corresponding to the 1700s - out of scope.
C) would be likely to contain a proportion of red-stained grains closer to 17 percent than to 5 percent. - should be the answer
D) show a much higher proportion of red-stained grains in cores extracted from the far north of the North Atlantic than in cores extracted from further south - Extreme
E) were formed in part as a result of Gulf Stream waters having been pulled northward - out of scope.

Hope this helps